# JITLink and ORC’s ObjectLinkingLayer

## Introduction

This document aims to provide a high-level overview of the design and API of the JITLink library. It assumes some familiarity with linking and relocatable object files, but should not require deep expertise. If you know what a section, symbol, and relocation are then you should find this document accessible. If it is not, please submit a patch (Contributing to LLVM) or file a bug (How to submit an LLVM bug report).

JITLink is a library for JIT Linking. It was built to support the ORC JIT APIs and is most commonly accessed via ORC’s ObjectLinkingLayer API. JITLink was developed with the aim of supporting the full set of features provided by each object format; including static initializers, exception handling, thread local variables, and language runtime registration. Supporting these features enables ORC to execute code generated from source languages which rely on these features (e.g. C++ requires object format support for static initializers to support static constructors, eh-frame registration for exceptions, and TLV support for thread locals; Swift and Objective-C require language runtime registration for many features). For some object format features support is provided entirely within JITLink, and for others it is provided in cooperation with the (prototype) ORC runtime.

JITLink aims to support the following features, some of which are still under development:

1. Cross-process and cross-architecture linking of single relocatable objects into a target executor process.

2. Support for all object format features.

3. Open linker data structures (`LinkGraph`) and pass system.

## JITLink and ObjectLinkingLayer

`ObjectLinkingLayer` is ORCs wrapper for JITLink. It is an ORC layer that allows objects to be added to a `JITDylib`, or emitted from some higher level program representation. When an object is emitted, `ObjectLinkingLayer` uses JITLink to construct a `LinkGraph` (see Constructing LinkGraphs) and calls JITLink’s `link` function to link the graph into the executor process.

The `ObjectLinkingLayer` class provides a plugin API, `ObjectLinkingLayer::Plugin`, which users can subclass in order to inspect and modify `LinkGraph` instances at link time, and react to important JIT events (such as an object being emitted into target memory). This enables many features and optimizations that were not possible under MCJIT or RuntimeDyld.

### ObjectLinkingLayer Plugins

The `ObjectLinkingLayer::Plugin` class provides the following methods:

- `modifyPassConfig` is called each time a LinkGraph is about to be linked. It can be overridden to install JITLink Passes to run during the link process.

      void modifyPassConfig(MaterializationResponsibility &MR,
                            jitlink::LinkGraph &G,
                            jitlink::PassConfiguration &Config)

- `notifyLoaded` is called before the link begins, and can be overridden to set up any initial state for the given `MaterializationResponsibility` if needed.

      void notifyLoaded(MaterializationResponsibility &MR)

- `notifyEmitted` is called after the link is complete and code has been emitted to the executor process. It can be overridden to finalize state for the `MaterializationResponsibility` if needed.

      Error notifyEmitted(MaterializationResponsibility &MR)

- `notifyFailed` is called if the link fails at any point. It can be overridden to react to the failure (e.g. to deallocate any already allocated resources).

      Error notifyFailed(MaterializationResponsibility &MR)

- `notifyRemovingResources` is called when a request is made to remove any resources associated with the `ResourceKey` K for the `MaterializationResponsibility`.

      Error notifyRemovingResources(JITDylib &JD, ResourceKey K)

- `notifyTransferringResources` is called if/when a request is made to transfer tracking of any resources associated with `ResourceKey` SrcKey to DstKey.

      void notifyTransferringResources(JITDylib &JD, ResourceKey DstKey,
                                       ResourceKey SrcKey)

Plugin authors are required to implement the `notifyFailed`, `notifyRemovingResources`, and `notifyTransferringResources` methods in order to safely manage resources in the case of resource removal or transfer, or link failure. If no resources are managed by the plugin then these methods can be implemented as no-ops returning `Error::success()`.

Plugin instances are added to an `ObjectLinkingLayer` by calling the `addPlugin` method [1]. E.g.

    // Plugin class to print the set of defined symbols in an object when that
    // object is linked.
    class MyPlugin : public ObjectLinkingLayer::Plugin {
    public:

      // Add passes to print the set of defined symbols after dead-stripping.
      void modifyPassConfig(MaterializationResponsibility &MR,
                            jitlink::LinkGraph &G,
                            jitlink::PassConfiguration &Config) override {
        Config.PostPrunePasses.push_back([this](jitlink::LinkGraph &G) {
          return printAllSymbols(G);
        });
      }

      // Implement mandatory overrides:
      Error notifyFailed(MaterializationResponsibility &MR) override {
        return Error::success();
      }
      Error notifyRemovingResources(JITDylib &JD, ResourceKey K) override {
        return Error::success();
      }
      void notifyTransferringResources(JITDylib &JD, ResourceKey DstKey,
                                       ResourceKey SrcKey) override {}

      // JITLink pass to print all defined symbols in G.
      Error printAllSymbols(LinkGraph &G) {
        for (auto *Sym : G.defined_symbols())
          if (Sym->hasName())
            dbgs() << Sym->getName() << "\n";
        return Error::success();
      }
    };

    // Create our LLJIT instance using a custom object linking layer setup.
    // This gives us a chance to install our plugin.
    auto J = ExitOnErr(LLJITBuilder()
               .setObjectLinkingLayerCreator(
                 [](ExecutionSession &ES, const Triple &T) {
                   // Manually set up the ObjectLinkingLayer for our LLJIT
                   // instance.
                   auto OLL = std::make_unique<ObjectLinkingLayer>(
                       ES, std::make_unique<jitlink::InProcessMemoryManager>());

                   // Install our plugin:
                   OLL->addPlugin(std::make_unique<MyPlugin>());

                   return OLL;
                 })
               .create());

    // Add an object to the JIT. Nothing happens here: linking isn't triggered
    // until we look up some symbol in our object.
    ExitOnErr(J->addObject(loadFromDisk("main.o")));

    // Plugin triggers here when our lookup of main triggers linking of main.o
    auto MainSym = J->lookup("main");

## LinkGraph

JITLink maps all relocatable object formats to a generic `LinkGraph` type that is designed to make linking fast and easy (`LinkGraph` instances can also be created manually. See Constructing LinkGraphs).

Relocatable object formats (e.g. COFF, ELF, MachO) differ in their details, but share a common goal: to represent machine level code and data with annotations that allow them to be relocated in a virtual address space. To this end they usually contain names (symbols) for content defined inside the file or externally, chunks of content that must be moved as a unit (sections or subsections, depending on the format), and annotations describing how to patch content based on the final address of some target symbol/section (relocations).

At a high level, the `LinkGraph` type represents these concepts as a decorated graph. Nodes in the graph represent symbols and content, and edges represent relocations. Each of the elements of the graph is listed here:

- `Addressable` – A node in the link graph that can be assigned an address in the executor process’s virtual address space.

  Absolute and external symbols are represented using plain `Addressable` instances. Content defined inside the object file is represented using the `Block` subclass.

- `Block` – An `Addressable` node that has `Content` (or is marked as zero-filled), a parent `Section`, a `Size`, an `Alignment` (and an `AlignmentOffset`), and a list of `Edge` instances.

  Blocks provide a container for binary content which must remain contiguous in the target address space (a layout unit). Many interesting low level operations on `LinkGraph` instances involve inspecting or mutating block content or edges.

  - `Content` is represented as an `llvm::StringRef`, and accessible via the `getContent` method. Content is only available for content blocks, and not for zero-fill blocks (use `isZeroFill` to check, and prefer `getSize` when only the block size is needed as it works for both zero-fill and content blocks).

  - `Section` is represented as a `Section&` reference, and accessible via the `getSection` method. The `Section` class is described in more detail below.

  - `Size` is represented as a `size_t`, and is accessible via the `getSize` method for both content and zero-filled blocks.

  - `Alignment` is represented as a `uint64_t`, and available via the `getAlignment` method. It represents the minimum alignment requirement (in bytes) of the start of the block.

  - `AlignmentOffset` is represented as a `uint64_t`, and accessible via the `getAlignmentOffset` method. It represents the offset from the alignment required for the start of the block. This is required to support blocks whose minimum alignment requirement comes from data at some non-zero offset inside the block. E.g. if a block consists of a single byte (with byte alignment) followed by a uint64_t (with 8-byte alignment), then the block will have 8-byte alignment with an alignment offset of 7.

  - list of `Edge` instances. An iterator range for this list is returned by the `edges` method. The `Edge` class is described in more detail below.

- `Symbol` – An offset from an `Addressable` (often a `Block`), with an optional `Name`, a `Linkage`, a `Scope`, a `Callable` flag, and a `Live` flag.

  Symbols make it possible to name content (blocks and addressables are anonymous), or target content with an `Edge`.

  - `Name` is represented as an `llvm::StringRef` (equal to `llvm::StringRef()` if the symbol has no name), and accessible via the `getName` method.

  - `Linkage` is one of Strong or Weak, and is accessible via the `getLinkage` method. The `JITLinkContext` can use this flag to determine whether this symbol definition should be kept or dropped.

  - `Scope` is one of Default, Hidden, or Local, and is accessible via the `getScope` method. The `JITLinkContext` can use this to determine who should be able to see the symbol. A symbol with default scope should be globally visible. A symbol with hidden scope should be visible to other definitions within the same simulated dylib (e.g. ORC `JITDylib`) or executable, but not from elsewhere. A symbol with local scope should only be visible within the current `LinkGraph`.

  - `Callable` is a boolean which is set to true if this symbol can be called, and is accessible via the `isCallable` method. This can be used to automate the introduction of call-stubs for lazy compilation.

  - `Live` is a boolean that can be set to mark this symbol as root for dead-stripping purposes (see Generic Link Algorithm). JITLink’s dead-stripping algorithm will propagate liveness flags through the graph to all reachable symbols before deleting any symbols (and blocks) that are not marked live.

- `Edge` – A quad of an `Offset` (implicitly from the start of the containing `Block`), a `Kind` (describing the relocation type), a `Target`, and an `Addend`.

  Edges represent relocations, and occasionally other relationships, between blocks and symbols.

  - `Offset`, accessible via `getOffset`, is an offset from the start of the `Block` containing the `Edge`.

  - `Kind`, accessible via `getKind` is a relocation type – it describes what kinds of changes (if any) should be made to block content at the given `Offset` based on the address of the `Target`.

  - `Target`, accessible via `getTarget`, is a pointer to a `Symbol`, representing whose address is relevant to the fixup calculation specified by the edge’s `Kind`.

  - `Addend`, accessible via `getAddend`, is a constant whose interpretation is determined by the edge’s `Kind`.

- `Section` – A set of `Symbol` instances, plus a set of `Block` instances, with a `Name`, a set of `ProtectionFlags`, and an `Ordinal`.

  Sections make it easy to iterate over the symbols or blocks associated with a particular section in the source object file.

  - `blocks()` returns an iterator over the set of blocks defined in the section (as `Block*` pointers).

  - `symbols()` returns an iterator over the set of symbols defined in the section (as `Symbol*` pointers).

  - `Name` is represented as an `llvm::StringRef`, and is accessible via the `getName` method.

  - `ProtectionFlags` are represented as a sys::Memory::ProtectionFlags enum, and accessible via the `getProtectionFlags` method. These flags describe whether the section is readable, writable, executable, or some combination of these. The most common combinations are `RW-` for writable data, `R--` for constant data, and `R-X` for code.

  - `SectionOrdinal`, accessible via `getOrdinal`, is a number used to order the section relative to others. It is usually used to preserve section order within a segment (a set of sections with the same memory protections) when laying out memory.

For the graph-theorists: The `LinkGraph` is bipartite, with one set of `Symbol` nodes and one set of `Addressable` nodes. Each `Symbol` node has one (implicit) edge to its target `Addressable`. Each `Block` has a set of edges (possibly empty, represented as `Edge` instances) back to elements of the `Symbol` set. For convenience and performance of common algorithms, symbols and blocks are further grouped into `Sections`.

The `LinkGraph` itself provides operations for constructing, removing, and iterating over sections, symbols, and blocks. It also provides metadata and utilities relevant to the linking process:

- Graph element operations

  - `sections` returns an iterator over all sections in the graph.

  - `findSectionByName` returns a pointer to the section with the given name (as a `Section*`) if it exists, otherwise returns a nullptr.

  - `blocks` returns an iterator over all blocks in the graph (across all sections).

  - `defined_symbols` returns an iterator over all defined symbols in the graph (across all sections).

  - `external_symbols` returns an iterator over all external symbols in the graph.

  - `absolute_symbols` returns an iterator over all absolute symbols in the graph.

  - `createSection` creates a section with a given name and protection flags.

  - `createContentBlock` creates a block with the given initial content, parent section, address, alignment, and alignment offset.

  - `createZeroFillBlock` creates a zero-fill block with the given size, parent section, address, alignment, and alignment offset.

  - `addExternalSymbol` creates a new addressable and symbol with a given name, size, and linkage.

  - `addAbsoluteSymbol` creates a new addressable and symbol with a given name, address, size, linkage, scope, and liveness.

  - `addCommonSymbol` convenience function for creating a zero-filled block and weak symbol with a given name, scope, section, initial address, size, alignment and liveness.

  - `addAnonymousSymbol` creates a new anonymous symbol for a given block, offset, size, callable-ness, and liveness.

  - `addDefinedSymbol` creates a new symbol for a given block with a name, offset, size, linkage, scope, callable-ness and liveness.

  - `makeExternal` transforms a formerly defined symbol into an external one by creating a new addressable and pointing the symbol at it. The existing block is not deleted, but can be manually removed (if unreferenced) by calling `removeBlock`. All edges to the symbol remain valid, but the symbol must now be defined outside this `LinkGraph`.

  - `removeExternalSymbol` removes an external symbol and its target addressable. The target addressable must not be referenced by any other symbols.

  - `removeAbsoluteSymbol` removes an absolute symbol and its target addressable. The target addressable must not be referenced by any other symbols.

  - `removeDefinedSymbol` removes a defined symbol, but does not remove its target block.

  - `removeBlock` removes the given block.

  - `splitBlock` split a given block in two at a given index (useful where it is known that a block contains decomposable records, e.g. CFI records in an eh-frame section).

- Graph utility operations

  - `getName` returns the name of this graph, which is usually based on the name of the input object file.

  - `getTargetTriple` returns an llvm::Triple for the executor process.

  - `getPointerSize` returns the size of a pointer (in bytes) in the executor process.

  - `getEndianness` returns the endianness of the executor process.

  - `allocateString` copies data from a given `llvm::Twine` into the link graph’s internal allocator. This can be used to ensure that content created inside a pass outlives that pass’s execution.

## Generic Link Algorithm

JITLink provides a generic link algorithm which can be extended / modified at certain points by the introduction of JITLink Passes.

At the end of each phase the linker packages its state into a continuation and calls the `JITLinkContext` object to perform a (potentially high-latency) asynchronous operation: allocating memory, resolving external symbols, and finally transferring linked memory to the executing process.

1. Phase 1

   This phase is called immediately by the `link` function as soon as the initial configuration (including the pass pipeline setup) is complete.

   1. Run pre-prune passes.

      These passes are called on the graph before it is pruned. At this stage `LinkGraph` nodes still have their original vmaddrs. A mark-live pass (supplied by the `JITLinkContext`) will be run at the end of this sequence to mark the initial set of live symbols.

      Notable use cases: marking nodes live, accessing/copying graph data that will be pruned (e.g. metadata that’s important for the JIT, but not needed for the link process).

   2. Prune (dead-strip) the `LinkGraph`.

      Removes all symbols and blocks not reachable from the initial set of live symbols.

      This allows JITLink to remove unreachable symbols / content, including overridden weak and redundant ODR definitions.

   3. Run post-prune passes.

      These passes are run on the graph after dead-stripping, but before memory is allocated or nodes assigned their final target vmaddrs.

      Passes run at this stage benefit from pruning, as dead functions and data have been stripped from the graph. However new content can still be added to the graph, as target and working memory have not been allocated yet.

      Notable use cases: Building Global Offset Table (GOT), Procedure Linkage Table (PLT), and Thread Local Variable (TLV) entries.

   4. Asynchronously allocate memory.

      Calls the `JITLinkContext`’s `JITLinkMemoryManager` to allocate both working and target memory for the graph. As part of this process the `JITLinkMemoryManager` will update the addresses of all nodes defined in the graph to their assigned target address.

      Note: This step only updates the addresses of nodes defined in this graph. External symbols will still have null addresses.

2. Phase 2

   1. Run post-allocation passes.

      These passes are run on the graph after working and target memory have been allocated, but before the `JITLinkContext` is notified of the final addresses of the symbols in the graph. This gives these passes a chance to set up data structures associated with target addresses before any JITLink clients (especially ORC queries for symbol resolution) can attempt to access them.

      Notable use cases: Setting up mappings between target addresses and JIT data structures, such as a mapping between `__dso_handle` and `JITDylib*`.

   2. Notify the `JITLinkContext` of the assigned symbol addresses.

      Calls `JITLinkContext::notifyResolved` on the link graph, allowing clients to react to the symbol address assignments made for this graph. In ORC this is used to notify any pending queries for resolved symbols, including pending queries from concurrently running JITLink instances that have reached the next step and are waiting on the address of a symbol in this graph to proceed with their link.

   3. Identify external symbols and resolve their addresses asynchronously.

      Calls the `JITLinkContext` to resolve the target address of any external symbols in the graph.

3. Phase 3

   1. Apply external symbol resolution results.

      This updates the addresses of all external symbols. At this point all nodes in the graph have their final target addresses, however node content still points back to the original data in the object file.

   2. Run pre-fixup passes.

      These passes are called on the graph after all nodes have been assigned their final target addresses, but before node content is copied into working memory and fixed up. Passes run at this stage can make late optimizations to the graph and content based on address layout.

      Notable use cases: GOT and PLT relaxation, where GOT and PLT accesses are bypassed for fixup targets that are directly accessible under the assigned memory layout.

   3. Copy block content to working memory and apply fixups.

      Copies all block content into allocated working memory (following the target layout) and applies fixups. Graph blocks are updated to point at the fixed up content.

   4. Run post-fixup passes.

      These passes are called on the graph after fixups have been applied and blocks updated to point to the fixed up content.

      Post-fixup passes can inspect blocks contents to see the exact bytes that will be copied to the assigned target addresses.

   5. Finalize memory asynchronously.

      Calls the `JITLinkMemoryManager` to copy working memory to the executor process and apply the requested permissions.

4. Phase 3.

   1. Notify the context that the graph has been emitted.

      Calls `JITLinkContext::notifyFinalized` and hands off the `JITLinkMemoryManager::FinalizedAlloc` object for this graph’s memory allocation. This allows the context to track/hold memory allocations and react to the newly emitted definitions. In ORC this is used to update the `ExecutionSession` instance’s dependence graph, which may result in these symbols (and possibly others) becoming Ready if all of their dependencies have also been emitted.

### Passes

JITLink passes are `std::function<Error(LinkGraph&)>` instances. They are free to inspect and modify the given `LinkGraph` subject to the constraints of whatever phase they are running in (see Generic Link Algorithm). If a pass returns `Error::success()` then linking continues. If a pass returns a failure value then linking is stopped and the `JITLinkContext` is notified that the link failed.

Passes may be used by both JITLink backends (e.g. MachO/x86-64 implements GOT and PLT construction as a pass), and external clients like `ObjectLinkingLayer::Plugin`.

In combination with the open `LinkGraph` API, JITLink passes enable the implementation of powerful new features. For example:

- Relaxation optimizations – A pre-fixup pass can inspect GOT accesses and PLT calls and identify situations where the addresses of the entry target and the access are close enough to be accessed directly. In this case the pass can rewrite the instruction stream of the containing block and update the fixup edges to make the access direct.

  Code for this looks like:

    Error relaxGOTEdges(LinkGraph &G) {
      for (auto *B : G.blocks())
        for (auto &E : B->edges())
          if (E.getKind() == x86_64::GOTLoad) {
            auto &GOTTarget = getGOTEntryTarget(E.getTarget());
            if (isInRange(B.getFixupAddress(E), GOTTarget)) {
              // Rewrite B.getContent() at fixup address from
              // MOVQ to LEAQ

              // Update edge target and kind.
              E.setTarget(GOTTarget);
              E.setKind(x86_64::PCRel32);
            }
          }

      return Error::success();
    }

- Metadata registration – Post allocation passes can be used to record the address range of sections in the target. This can be used to register the metadata (e.g exception handling frames, language metadata) in the target once memory has been finalized.

    Error registerEHFrameSection(LinkGraph &G) {
      if (auto *Sec = G.findSectionByName("__eh_frame")) {
        SectionRange SR(*Sec);
        registerEHFrameSection(SR.getStart(), SR.getEnd());
      }

      return Error::success();
    }

- Record call sites for later mutation – A post-allocation pass can record the call sites of all calls to a particular function, allowing those call sites to be updated later at runtime (e.g. for instrumentation, or to enable the function to be lazily compiled but still called directly after compilation).

    StringRef FunctionName = "foo";
    std::vector<ExecutorAddr> CallSitesForFunction;

    auto RecordCallSites =
      [&](LinkGraph &G) -> Error {
        for (auto *B : G.blocks())
          for (auto &E : B.edges())
            if (E.getKind() == CallEdgeKind &&
                E.getTarget().hasName() &&
                E.getTraget().getName() == FunctionName)
              CallSitesForFunction.push_back(B.getFixupAddress(E));
        return Error::success();
      };

### Memory Management with JITLinkMemoryManager

JIT linking requires allocation of two kinds of memory: working memory in the JIT process and target memory in the execution process (these processes and memory allocations may be one and the same, depending on how the user wants to build their JIT). It also requires that these allocations conform to the requested code model in the target process (e.g. MachO/x86-64’s Small code model requires that all code and data for a simulated dylib is allocated within 4Gb). Finally, it is natural to make the memory manager responsible for transferring memory to the target address space and applying memory protections, since the memory manager must know how to communicate with the executor, and since sharing and protection assignment can often be efficiently managed (in the common case of running across processes on the same machine for security) via the host operating system’s virtual memory management APIs.

To satisfy these requirements `JITLinkMemoryManager` adopts the following design: The memory manager itself has just two virtual methods for asynchronous operations (each with convenience overloads for calling synchronously):

    /// Called when allocation has been completed.
    using OnAllocatedFunction =
      unique_function<void(Expected<std::unique_ptr<InFlightAlloc>)>;

    /// Called when deallocation has completed.
    using OnDeallocatedFunction = unique_function<void(Error)>;

    /// Call to allocate memory.
    virtual void allocate(const JITLinkDylib *JD, LinkGraph &G,
                          OnAllocatedFunction OnAllocated) = 0;

    /// Call to deallocate memory.
    virtual void deallocate(std::vector<FinalizedAlloc> Allocs,
                            OnDeallocatedFunction OnDeallocated) = 0;

The `allocate` method takes a `JITLinkDylib*` representing the target simulated dylib, a reference to the `LinkGraph` that must be allocated for, and a callback to run once an `InFlightAlloc` has been constructed. `JITLinkMemoryManager` implementations can (optionally) use the `JD` argument to manage a per-simulated-dylib memory pool (since code model constraints are typically imposed on a per-dylib basis, and not across dylibs) [2]. The `LinkGraph` describes the object file that we need to allocate memory for. The allocator must allocate working memory for all of the Blocks defined in the graph, assign address space for each Block within the executing processes memory, and update the Blocks’ addresses to reflect this assignment. Block content should be copied to working memory, but does not need to be transferred to executor memory yet (that will be done once the content is fixed up). `JITLinkMemoryManager` implementations can take full responsibility for these steps, or use the `BasicLayout` utility to reduce the task to allocating working and executor memory for segments: chunks of memory defined by permissions, alignments, content sizes, and zero-fill sizes. Once the allocation step is complete the memory manager should construct an `InFlightAlloc` object to represent the allocation, and then pass this object to the `OnAllocated` callback.

The `InFlightAlloc` object has two virtual methods:

    using OnFinalizedFunction = unique_function<void(Expected<FinalizedAlloc>)>;
    using OnAbandonedFunction = unique_function<void(Error)>;

    /// Called prior to finalization if the allocation should be abandoned.
    virtual void abandon(OnAbandonedFunction OnAbandoned) = 0;

    /// Called to transfer working memory to the target and apply finalization.
    virtual void finalize(OnFinalizedFunction OnFinalized) = 0;

The linking process will call the `finalize` method on the `InFlightAlloc` object if linking succeeds up to the finalization step, otherwise it will call `abandon` to indicate that some error occurred during linking. A call to the `InFlightAlloc::finalize` method should cause content for the allocation to be transferred from working to executor memory, and permissions to be run. A call to `abandon` should result in both kinds of memory being deallocated.

On successful finalization, the `InFlightAlloc::finalize` method should construct a `FinalizedAlloc` object (an opaque uint64_t id that the `JITLinkMemoryManager` can use to identify executor memory for deallocation) and pass it to the `OnFinalized` callback.

Finalized allocations (represented by `FinalizedAlloc` objects) can be deallocated by calling the `JITLinkMemoryManager::dealloc` method. This method takes a vector of `FinalizedAlloc` objects, since it is common to deallocate multiple objects at the same time and this allows us to batch these requests for transmission to the executing process.

JITLink provides a simple in-process implementation of this interface: `InProcessMemoryManager`. It allocates pages once and re-uses them as both working and target memory.

ORC provides a cross-process-capable `MapperJITLinkMemoryManager` that can use shared memory or ORC-RPC-based communication to transfer content to the executing process.

### JITLinkMemoryManager and Security

JITLink’s ability to link JIT’d code for a separate executor process can be used to improve the security of a JIT system: The executor process can be sandboxed, run within a VM, or even run on a fully separate machine.

JITLink’s memory manager interface is flexible enough to allow for a range of trade-offs between performance and security. For example, on a system where code pages must be signed (preventing code from being updated), the memory manager can deallocate working memory pages after linking to free memory in the process running JITLink. Alternatively, on a system that allows RWX pages, the memory manager may use the same pages for both working and target memory by marking them as RWX, allowing code to be modified in place without further overhead. Finally, if RWX pages are not permitted but dual-virtual-mappings of physical memory pages are, then the memory manager can dual map physical pages as RW- in the JITLink process and R-X in the executor process, allowing modification from the JITLink process but not from the executor (at the cost of extra administrative overhead for the dual mapping).

### Error Handling

JITLink makes extensive use of the `llvm::Error` type (see the error handling section of LLVM Programmer’s Manual for details). The link process itself, all passes, the memory manager interface, and operations on the `JITLinkContext` are all permitted to fail. Link graph construction utilities (especially parsers for object formats) are encouraged to validate input, and validate fixups (e.g. with range checks) before application.

Any error will halt the link process and notify the context of failure. In ORC, reported failures are propagated to queries pending on definitions provided by the failing link, and also through edges of the dependence graph to any queries waiting on dependent symbols.

## Connection to the ORC Runtime

The ORC Runtime (currently under development) aims to provide runtime support for advanced JIT features, including object format features that require non-trivial action in the executor (e.g. running initializers, managing thread local storage, registering with language runtimes, etc.).

ORC Runtime support for object format features typically requires cooperation between the runtime (which executes in the executor process) and JITLink (which runs in the JIT process and can inspect LinkGraphs to determine what actions must be taken in the executor). For example: Execution of MachO static initializers in the ORC runtime is performed by the `jit_dlopen` function, which calls back to the JIT process to ask for the list of address ranges of `__mod_init` sections to walk. This list is collated by the `MachOPlatformPlugin`, which installs a pass to record this information for each object as it is linked into the target.

## Constructing LinkGraphs

Clients usually access and manipulate `LinkGraph` instances that were created for them by an `ObjectLinkingLayer` instance, but they can be created manually:

1. By directly constructing and populating a `LinkGraph` instance.

2. By using the `createLinkGraph` family of functions to create a `LinkGraph` from an in-memory buffer containing an object file. This is how `ObjectLinkingLayer` usually creates `LinkGraphs`.

> 1. `createLinkGraph_<Object-Format>_<Architecture>` can be used when both the object format and architecture are known ahead of time.

> 2. `createLinkGraph_<Object-Format>` can be used when the object format is known ahead of time, but the architecture is not. In this case the architecture will be determined by inspection of the object header.

> 3. `createLinkGraph` can be used when neither the object format nor the architecture are known ahead of time. In this case the object header will be inspected to determine both the format and architecture.

## JIT Linking

The JIT linker concept was introduced in LLVM’s earlier generation of JIT APIs, MCJIT. In MCJIT the RuntimeDyld component enabled re-use of LLVM as an in-memory compiler by adding an in-memory link step to the end of the usual compiler pipeline. Rather than dumping relocatable objects to disk as a compiler usually would, MCJIT passed them to RuntimeDyld to be linked into a target process.

This approach to linking differs from standard static or dynamic linking:

A static linker takes one or more relocatable object files as input and links them into an executable or dynamic library on disk.

A dynamic linker applies relocations to executables and dynamic libraries that have been loaded into memory.

A JIT linker takes a single relocatable object file at a time and links it into a target process, usually using a context object to allow the linked code to resolve symbols in the target.

### RuntimeDyld

In order to keep RuntimeDyld’s implementation simple MCJIT imposed some restrictions on compiled code:

1. It had to use the Large code model, and often restricted available relocation models in order to limit the kinds of relocations that had to be supported.

2. It required strong linkage and default visibility on all symbols – behavior for other linkages/visibilities was not well defined.

3. It constrained and/or prohibited the use of features requiring runtime support, e.g. static initializers or thread local storage.

As a result of these restrictions not all language features supported by LLVM worked under MCJIT, and objects to be loaded under the JIT had to be compiled to target it (precluding the use of precompiled code from other sources under the JIT).

RuntimeDyld also provided very limited visibility into the linking process itself: Clients could access conservative estimates of section size (RuntimeDyld bundled stub size and padding estimates into the section size value) and the final relocated bytes, but could not access RuntimeDyld’s internal object representations.

Eliminating these restrictions and limitations was one of the primary motivations for the development of JITLink.

## The llvm-jitlink tool

The `llvm-jitlink` tool is a command line wrapper for the JITLink library. It loads some set of relocatable object files and then links them using JITLink. Depending on the options used it will then execute them, or validate the linked memory.

The `llvm-jitlink` tool was originally designed to aid JITLink development by providing a simple environment for testing.

### Basic usage

By default, `llvm-jitlink` will link the set of objects passed on the command line, then search for a “main” function and execute it:

    % cat hello-world.c
    #include <stdio.h>

    int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
      printf("hello, world!\n");
      return 0;
    }

    % clang -c -o hello-world.o hello-world.c
    % llvm-jitlink hello-world.o
    Hello, World!

Multiple objects may be specified, and arguments may be provided to the JIT’d main function using the -args option:

    % cat print-args.c
    #include <stdio.h>

    void print_args(int argc, char *argv[]) {
      for (int i = 0; i != argc; ++i)
        printf("arg %i is \"%s\"\n", i, argv[i]);
    }

    % cat print-args-main.c
    void print_args(int argc, char *argv[]);

    int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
      print_args(argc, argv);
      return 0;
    }

    % clang -c -o print-args.o print-args.c
    % clang -c -o print-args-main.o print-args-main.c
    % llvm-jitlink print-args.o print-args-main.o -args a b c
    arg 0 is "a"
    arg 1 is "b"
    arg 2 is "c"

Alternative entry points may be specified using the `-entry <entry point name>` option.

Other options can be found by calling `llvm-jitlink -help`.

### llvm-jitlink as a regression testing utility

One of the primary aims of `llvm-jitlink` was to enable readable regression tests for JITLink. To do this it supports two options:

The `-noexec` option tells llvm-jitlink to stop after looking up the entry point, and before attempting to execute it. Since the linked code is not executed, this can be used to link for other targets even if you do not have access to the target being linked (the `-define-abs` or `-phony-externals` options can be used to supply any missing definitions in this case).

The `-check <check-file>` option can be used to run a set of `jitlink-check` expressions against working memory. It is typically used in conjunction with `-noexec`, since the aim is to validate JIT’d memory rather than to run the code and `-noexec` allows us to link for any supported target architecture from the current process. In `-check` mode, `llvm-jitlink` will scan the given check-file for lines of the form `# jitlink-check: <expr>`. See examples of this usage in `llvm/test/ExecutionEngine/JITLink`.

### Remote execution via llvm-jitlink-executor

By default `llvm-jitlink` will link the given objects into its own process, but this can be overridden by two options:

The `-oop-executor[=/path/to/executor]` option tells `llvm-jitlink` to execute the given executor (which defaults to `llvm-jitlink-executor`) and communicate with it via file descriptors which it passes to the executor as the first argument with the format `filedescs=<in-fd>,<out-fd>`.

The `-oop-executor-connect=<host>:<port>` option tells `llvm-jitlink` to connect to an already running executor via TCP on the given host and port. To use this option you will need to start `llvm-jitlink-executor` manually with `listen=<host>:<port>` as the first argument.

### Harness mode

The `-harness` option allows a set of input objects to be designated as a test harness, with the regular object files implicitly treated as objects to be tested. Definitions of symbols in the harness set override definitions in the test set, and external references from the harness cause automatic scope promotion of local symbols in the test set (these modifications to the usual linker rules are accomplished via an `ObjectLinkingLayer::Plugin` installed by `llvm-jitlink` when it sees the `-harness` option).

With these modifications in place we can selectively test functions in an object file by mocking those function’s callees. For example, suppose we have an object file, `test_code.o`, compiled from the following C source (which we need not have access to):

    void irrelevant_function() { irrelevant_external(); }

    int function_to_mock(int X) {
      return /* some function of X */;
    }

    static void function_to_test() {
      ...
      int Y = function_to_mock();
      printf("Y is %i\n", Y);
    }

If we want to know how `function_to_test` behaves when we change the behavior of `function_to_mock` we can test it by writing a test harness:

    void function_to_test();

    int function_to_mock(int X) {
      printf("used mock utility function\n");
      return 42;
    }

    int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
      function_to_test():
      return 0;
    }

Under normal circumstances these objects could not be linked together: `function_to_test` is static and could not be resolved outside `test_code.o`, the two `function_to_mock` functions would result in a duplicate definition error, and `irrelevant_external` is undefined. However, using `-harness` and `-phony-externals` we can run this code with:

    % clang -c -o test_code_harness.o test_code_harness.c
    % llvm-jitlink -phony-externals test_code.o -harness test_code_harness.o
    used mock utility function
    Y is 42

The `-harness` option may be of interest to people who want to perform some very late testing on build products to verify that compiled code behaves as expected. On basic C test cases this is relatively straightforward. Mocks for more complicated languages (e.g. C++) are much trickier: Any code involving classes tends to have a lot of non-trivial surface area (e.g. vtables) that would require great care to mock.

### Tips for JITLink backend developers

1. Make liberal use of assert and `llvm::Error`. Do not assume that the input object is well formed: Return any errors produced by libObject (or your own object parsing code) and validate as you construct. Think carefully about the distinction between contract (which should be validated with asserts and llvm_unreachable) and environmental errors (which should generate `llvm::Error` instances).

2. Don’t assume you’re linking in-process. Use libSupport’s sized, endian-specific types when reading/writing content in the `LinkGraph`.

As a “minimum viable” JITLink wrapper, the `llvm-jitlink` tool is an invaluable resource for developers bringing in a new JITLink backend. A standard workflow is to start by throwing an unsupported object at the tool and seeing what error is returned, then fixing that (you can often make a reasonable guess at what should be done based on existing code for other formats or architectures).

In debug builds of LLVM, the `-debug-only=jitlink` option dumps logs from the JITLink library during the link process. These can be useful for spotting some bugs at a glance. The `-debug-only=llvm_jitlink` option dumps logs from the `llvm-jitlink` tool, which can be useful for debugging both testcases (it is often less verbose than `-debug-only=jitlink`) and the tool itself.

The `-oop-executor` and `-oop-executor-connect` options are helpful for testing handling of cross-process and cross-architecture use cases.

## Roadmap

JITLink is under active development. Work so far has focused on the MachO implementation. In LLVM 12 there is limited support for ELF on x86-64.

Major outstanding projects include:

- Refactor architecture support to maximize sharing across formats.

  All formats should be able to share the bulk of the architecture-specific code (especially relocations) for each supported architecture.

- Refactor ELF link graph construction.

  ELF’s link graph construction is currently implemented in the ELF_x86_64.cpp file, and tied to the x86-64 relocation parsing code. The bulk of the code is generic and should be split into an ELFLinkGraphBuilder base class along the same lines as the existing generic MachOLinkGraphBuilder.

- Implement support for arm32.

- Implement support for other new architectures.

### JITLink Availability and Feature Status

The following table describes the status of the JITlink backends for various format / architecture combinations (as of July 2023).

Support levels:

- None: No backend. JITLink will return an “architecture not supported” error. Represented by empty cells in the table below.

- Skeleton: A backend exists, but does not support commonly used relocations. Even simple programs are likely to trigger an “unsupported relocation” error. Backends in this state may be easy to improve by implementing new relocations. Consider getting involved!

- Basic: The backend supports simple programs, isn’t ready for general use yet.

- Usable: The backend is useable for general use for at least one code and relocation model.

- Good: The backend supports almost all relocations. Advanced features like native thread local storage may not be available yet.

- Complete: The backend supports all relocations and object format features.

Table 130 Availability and Status
Architecture | ELF | COFF | MachO
--- | --- | --- | ---
arm32 | Skeleton |  |
arm64 | Usable |  | Good
LoongArch | Good |  |
PowerPC 64 | Usable |  |
RISC-V | Good |  |
x86-32 | Basic |  |
x86-64 | Good | Usable | Good

[1]

See `llvm/examples/OrcV2Examples/LLJITWithObjectLinkingLayerPlugin` for a full worked example.

[2]

If not for hidden scoped symbols we could eliminate the `JITLinkDylib*` argument to `JITLinkMemoryManager::allocate` and treat every object as a separate simulated dylib for the purposes of memory layout. Hidden symbols break this by generating in-range accesses to external symbols, requiring the access and symbol to be allocated within range of one another. That said, providing a pre-reserved address range pool for each simulated dylib guarantees that the relaxation optimizations will kick in for all intra-dylib references, which is good for performance (at the cost of whatever overhead is introduced by reserving the address-range up-front).